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| Octagonal churches in Norway ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Octagonal churches in Norway
(詳細はoctagonal (eight-sided polygon) architectural plan. The exterior and the interior (the nave) may be shaped as eight-sided polygon with approximately equal sides or only the nave is eight-sided supplemented by choir and porch (or narthex) attached to the octagon. This architectural plan is found in some 70 churches in Norway. Among these Hospitalskirken in Trondheim is the oldest.〔Ekroll, Øystein (2012): ''Sunnmørskyrkjene - historie, kunst og arkitektur'' (foto: Per Eide). Bla: Larsnes.〕 This type of church plan spread from the Diocese of Nidaros to other parts of Norway. Virtually all octagonal churches in Norway are constructed as log buildings mostly covered by clapboards.〔Christie, Håkon (1991): Kirkebygging i Norge i 1600- og 1700-årene. ''Årbok for Fortidsminneforeningen'', årgang 145, s. 177-194.〕 Some of the largest churches in Norway are octagonal and the list includes important cultural heritage monuments such as Trinity Church (Oslo), Sør-Fron Church and Røros Church.〔(NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation) news ) "Vil ikke frede Røros kirke", published January 1, 2013, accessed August 14, 2013.〕〔Østby, Leif (1962): Norges kunsthistorie. Oslo: Gyldendal.〕
==History==
During the Middle Ages, some 1000 wooden stave church and only 270 masonry churches were erected in Norway.〔Anker, Peter (1997): ''Stavkirkene: deres egenart og historie.'' Cappelens kunstfaglige bibliotek. Oslo: Cappelen.〕 During the 15th and 16th centuries, virtually no new churches were built.〔Vreim, Halvor (1947): ''Norsk trearkitektur''. Oslo: Gyldendal.〕 When church building resumed around 1600, most stave churches disappeared and were often replaced by log churches. While in most of Europe only masonry churches were built, wood construction still dominated in Norway.〔 During the 1600 the cruciform plan tended to replace the traditional simple rectangular plan (the ″long church″). In the cruciform church, view to the altar is partly obstructed by walls, a drawback not found in the octagonal shape. The octagonal shape also allows the pulpit to be the focal point, according to the ideals of the Reformation where the spoken word (the sermon) should be the central act. Lorentz Dietrichson believed that the octagonal church became popular because of the rationalism's need for the church as a lecture hall ("auditorium").〔
In 1686 the first octagonal church in Norway was constructed in Vrådal (Telemark), it was a log building that replaced a medieval stave church.〔(Kviteseid historielag ) accessed online May 4, 2013.〕 The Vrådal church apparently did not influence subsequent octagonal buildings in Norway.〔 Inspiration for the first octagonal churches in Trondheim probably came from elsewhere in Protestant Europe.〔 Some octagonal churches within Lutheranism were erected at the same time in Sweden and Germany for instance Zum Friedefürsten church in Saxony and Järlåsa church in Sweden. In the Netherlands, the reformed church in Willemstad, North Brabant, Koepelkerk (Domed Church) (1607), the first Protestant church building in the Netherlands, was given an octagonal shape according to Calvinism's focus on the sermon.〔Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (1988): ''Modern perspectives in Western art history. An anthology of twentieth-century writings on the visual arts''. Toronto : Published by University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America, s.318.〕 The Oostkerk, Middelburg is a domed, octagonal church erected 1648-1667. Johan Christopher Hempel, architect and master builder of Hospitalskirken, was probably from the Netherlands where the octagonally shaped church first appeared and spread to other Protestant countries in Northern Europe. The octagonal floor plan came to Denmark when Frederiksberg Church was built by Dutch Felix Dusart - Dusart used a church in his Dutch hometown as model. Frederiksberg Church is turn regard as model for the octagonal baroque church (1756) in Rellingen, Schleswig-Holstein.〔 The Rellingen Church, a key baroque monument in Schleswig-Holstein, is shown on the town's coat of arms. The baroque Katharinenkirche in Großenaspe, Schleswig-Holstein, is an octagonal design with "pulpit altar" (″Kanzelaltar″ in German) used for instance in Sør-Fron Church. During the 18th century, both Schleswig-Holstein and Norway was part of the Kingdom of Denmark. Hosar suggests that Norwegian troops did military service in Schleswig-Holstein, and may have observed the new churches being constructed there at the time.〔
The same time the octagonal shape provides a more rigid log structure than the simple rectangular design, allowing a larger nave to be built. Christie believes that this is why the octagonal design was adopted alongside the cruciform plan.〔〔(SNL (online encyclopedica) ) (Store norske leksikon), "korskirke", accessed January 2, 2013.〕 From 1810 ten octagonal churches were erected in the rural interior of Agder counties, most of these constructions used Hornnes Church as model.〔Nilsen, Sigrid (1985): Åttekantkirkene på Agder 1825-1850. ''Årsskrift for Agder Historielag'', årgang 61, s.55-63.〕
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